NOTE TO SELF: All of the Currently Live Theories of the Causes of the "European Miracle"
& was the “European Miracle” 800-1914, 1492-1914, 1689-1914, or 1776-1914?...
& was the “European Miracle” 800-1914, 1492-1914, 1689-1914, or 1776-1914?…
And, of course, highly overlapping:
Local geography & resources (coal, land, disease environment):
Jared Diamond, Kenneth Pomeranz, Robert Allen, Paul Bairoch, Fernand Braudel, Mark Koyama & Jared Rubin, Eric Jones, Leonid Grinin & Andrey KorotayevInstitutions, property rights & representative government:
Douglass North & Robert Thomas, Daron Acemoglu–Simon Johnson–James Robinson, Avner Greif, Joel Mokyr, Gary Cox, DeLong & Shleifer, Robert Brenner, Chris Isett, Eric JonesPolitical fragmentation, competition & “market for ideas”:
Jared Diamond, Joel Mokyr, Niall Ferguson, Eric Jones, James Belich, Mark Koyama, Tuan-Hwee Sng, De la Croix–Doepke–Mokyr (guilds/journeymen)Culture, religion & “WEIRD” psychology / Protestant ethic:
Max Weber, David Landes, Deirdre McCloskey, Joseph Henrich, Larry Siedentop, Nathan Rosenberg & L.E. Birdzell, Timur Kuran (for Islamic-world contrast), Justin Yifu Lin, Yasheng Huang, Eric JonesHigh-wage economy & inducement mechanisms (wages, prices, factor prices):
Robert Allen, Gregory Clark, Jan Luiten van Zanden, Stephen Broadberry, Bishnupriya Gupta, Allen–Bassino–Ma–Moll-Murata–van ZandenNew World, coal, & “accidents” (California school/contingency):
Kenneth Pomeranz, Prasannan Parthasarathi, Jack Goldstone, Andre Gunder Frank, John Hobson, Jeffrey Williamson, Diego Comin, Acemoglu–Zilibotti (risk/diversification)Colonialism, slavery, & deindustrialization at the periphery:
Eric Williams, Paul Bairoch, Amiya Kumar Bagchi, Prasannan Parthasarathi, Jeffrey Williamson, Tirthankar Roy (partly revisionist), Daron Acemoglu et al. (institutional twist), James WalvinHuman capital, knowledge transmission, & guilds:
De la Croix–Doepke–Mokyr (guilds/journeymanship), Bas van Bavel & coauthors (capital goods diffusion), Timur Kuran (Islamic legal forms
& firms), Mark Dincecco (state capacity & public finance)Demography, Black Death, & Malthusian-escape dynamics:
James Belich, Oded Galor, Mark Koyama & coauthors, David Weir, Allen/Bairoch/van Zanden on wages, demography,
& living standardsGlobalization, trade structure & core–periphery dynamics (19th c. “Big Bang”):
Kevin O’Rourke, Jeffrey Williamson, Guillaume Daudin, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Paul Bairoch, Leonid Grinin & Andrey Korotayev
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These are not mutually exclusive hypotheses. Maybe you needed most of these things because the leap into modernity was in fact highly unlikely. It needed a great deal of luck.
Alternative: A long Bradbury moment. Allusion is to an Australian skater who unexpectedly won Olympic gold when all of his more favored rivals crashed. In this view, escape from the Malthusian trap was the par outcome. But the depredations of Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan knocked most of Eurasia out of the race, leaving only the long-standing puzzle of China's failure to maintain its lead.